Glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis (GN) refers to a collection of kidney diseases characterized by inflammation in the glomeruli. As a pioneering organization, we are dedicated to leading the way in drug and therapy development for glomerulonephritis. Our primary objective is to deliver innovative solutions to combat this debilitating condition.
Overview of Glomerulonephritis
The inflammation in glomerulonephritis can lead to damage to the glomeruli, impairing their ability to filter blood effectively. As a result, proteins and blood cells may leak into the urine, leading to proteinuria and hematuria. Other symptoms may include edema, hypertension, and decreased urine output. The pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis involves complex immune responses and inflammatory processes. Immune complexes, consisting of antibodies and antigens, can deposit in the glomeruli, triggering an inflammatory response. This immune complex deposition can activate complement proteins and recruit immune cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages, leading to further tissue damage.
Fig.1 Anatomy of the glomerulus. (Rajasekaran A., et al., 2021)
Therapeutics Development for Glomerulonephritis
The therapeutics of glomerulonephritis primarily focus on controlling inflammation, preserving kidney function, and managing symptoms. Depending on the target and type of disease, there are various drugs and therapeutic options available, as shown below in the drug development pipeline for glomerulonephritis.
| Subtype of GN | Molecular target | Therapeutics | Trial Phase | Clinical Trials Identifier |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Autoimmune GN | ||||
| MN | CD20 | Obinutuzumab | II | NCT05050214 |
| MN | CD38 | Felzartamab | II | NCT04733040 |
| LN | BAFFR | Ianalumab/VAY736 | III | NCT05126277 |
| MN | BAFF | Belimumab | II | NCT03949855 |
| IgAN | APRIL | BION-1301 | II | NCT04684745 |
| LN | CD6 | Itolizumab | I | NCT04128579 |
| LN | Fc receptor | Nipocalimab | II | NCT04883619 |
| C3GN, IC-MPGN | C3 | Pegcetacoplan | III | NCT05067127 |
| IgAN | C5 | Cemdisiran (RNAi) | II | NCT03841448 |
| C3GN | C5aR | Avacopan | II | NCT03301467 |
| IgAN | Factor B | IONIS-FB-LRx (RNAi) | II | NCT04014335 |
| IgAN, C3GN, MN | Factor B | Iptacopan | III | NCT04817618 |
| MN | MC1R/MCR3 | AP1189 | II | NCT04456816 |
| LN | IFNAR1 | Anifrolumab | III | NCT05138133 |
| LN | IL-17A | Vunakizumab | II | NCT05097989 |
| Autoinflammatory GN | ||||
| C3GN | C3 | ARO-C3 | I/II | NCT05083364 |
| C3GN | C3 | Pegcetacoplan | III | NCT04572854 |
| C3GN | C5aR | Avacopan | II | NCT03301467 |
| C3GN | Factor B | Iptacopan | III | NCT04817618 |
| C3GN | Factor D | Danicopan | II | NCT03459443 |
| C3GN | MASP2 | Narsoplimab | II | NCT02682407 |
| Monoclonal gammopathy-related GN | ||||
| AL amyloidosis | CD38 | Isatuximab | II | NCT04614558 |
| AL amyloidosis | CD38 | Daratumumab | I/II | NCT02841033 |
| AL amyloidosis | CD38 | Daratumumab | III | NCT03201965 |
| AL amyloidosis | Proteasome | Bortezomib | III | NCT01078454 |
| PGNMID | CD38 | Daratumumab | II | NCT03095118 |
| MIDD | Proteasome | Bortezomib | NA | NCT01383759 |
| Glomerular scarring (CKD) | ||||
| FSGS | CTLA4 | Abatacept | II | NCT02592798 |
| FSGS | APOL1 | VX-147 | II | NCT04340362 |
| FSGS | TRPC5 | GFB-887 | II | NCT04387448 |
| CKD | Fibrokinase | ANG-3070 | II | NCT04939116 |
| FSGS | ARB/endothelin 1 | Sparsentan | III | NCT04663204 |
| FSGS | ETA receptor | Atrasentan | III | NCT04573920 |
| FSGS | ARB + CCR2 inhibitor | DMX-200 | III | NCT05183646 |
| CKD | SGLT2 | Empagliflozin | III | NCT03594110 |
Our Services
At our esteemed organization, we are unwavering in our dedication to propel the field of glomerulonephritis therapeutics forward. Our extensive range of services encompasses every facet of drug and therapeutics development, ensuring a seamless and comprehensive solution for therapy advancement. From early-stage research and target identification to preclinical testing, we provide a one-stop destination for all your therapy development needs.
Developing reliable animal models and in vitro models is essential for studying glomerulonephritis and evaluating potential therapies. Our company specializes in the development and validation of these models, ensuring their relevance and accuracy in mimicking the disease.
Our company offers robust animal models for immune complex-mediated GN. These models involve the administration of exogenous antigens, such as heterologous glomerular basement membrane (GBM) material derived from rabbits, rats, or humans, along with an adjuvant.
Immune Complex-Mediated GN Models
Our company provides state-of-the-art animal models for anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM)-mediated GN. These models can be constructed by injecting animals, such as sheep, with heterologous anti-glomerular basement membrane material and Freund's adjuvant.
Anti-GBM-Mediated GN Models
ANCA-associated GN is caused by autoantibodies targeting neutrophil cytoplasmic components. ANCA-associated GN models can be developed by injecting animals with ANCA-inducing agents or by immunizing them with purified antigens, such as proteinase-3 or myeloperoxidase.
ANCA-Associated GN Models
Complement factor 3 (C3) glomerulopathy is characterized by dysregulation of the complement system. We specialize in the development of animal models for studying C3 glomerulopathy. These models involve genetic modifications targeting genes involved in the regulation of the complement system.
Complement Factor 3 Glomerulopathy Models
Our company offers expertise in developing co-culture systems, ensuring proper cell-cell communication and providing a physiologically relevant environment for studying key processes involved in glomerulonephritis (GN), such as immune cell activation and cytokine production.
The development of kidney organoids provides a promising approach to model glomerulonephritis (GN) in vitro. Our company offers expertise in the development of kidney organoids, utilizing state-of-the-art techniques to generate complex, multicellular structures that mimic the glomerulus.
Our team of experienced researchers and scientists utilizes cutting-edge techniques to study the underlying mechanisms of glomerulonephritis and evaluate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of potential drug candidates. If our comprehensive suite of services has sparked your interest, we wholeheartedly encourage you to connect with us without any hesitation.
References
- Anders Hans-Joachim, et al. "Glomerulonephritis: immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy." Nature Reviews Immunology 23.7 (2023): 453-471.
- Anton-Pampols, Paula, et al. "The role of inflammasomes in glomerulonephritis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23.8 (2022): 4208.
- Couser William G. "Pathogenesis and treatment of glomerulonephritis-an update." Brazilian Journal of Nephrology 38 (2016): 107-122.